Correction: Gao et al. Research on Compressive Strength of Manufactured Sand Concrete Based on Response Surface Methodology. Materials 2024, 17, 195.

In the original publication [...].

Comparative uptake, translocation and metabolism of phenamacril in crops under hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions.

Many studies investigate the plant uptake and metabolism of xenobiotics by hydroponic experiments, however, plants grown in different conditions (hydroponic vs. soil) may result in different behaviors. To explore the potential differences, a comparative study on the uptake, translocation and metabolism of the fungicide phenamacril in crops (wheat/rice) under hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions was conducted. During 7-14 days of exposure, the translocation factors (TFs) of phenamacril were greatly overestimated in hydroponic-wheat (3.6-5.2) than those in soil-wheat systems (1.1-2.0), with up to 3.3 times of difference between the two cultivation systems, implying it should be cautious to extrapolate the results obtained from hydroponic to field conditions. M-144 was formed in soil pore water (19.1-29.9 µg/L) in soil-wheat systems but not in the hydroponic solution in hydroponics; M-232 was only formed in wheat shoots (89.7-103.0 µg/kg) under soil cultivation conditions, however, it was detected in hydroponic solution (20.1-21.2 µg/L), wheat roots (146.8-166.0 µg/kg), and shoots (239.2-348.1 µg/kg) under hydroponic conditions. The root concentration factors (RCFs) and TFs of phenamacril in rice were up to 2.4 and 3.6 times higher than that in wheat for 28 days of the hydroponic exposure, respectively. These results highlighted that cultivation conditions and plant species could influence the fate of pesticides in crops, which should be considered to better assess the potential accumulation and transformation of pesticides in crops.

Biomechanical analysis of the maxillary sinus floor membrane during internal sinus floor elevation with implants at different angles of the maxillary sinus angles.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed and compared the biomechanical properties of maxillary sinus floor mucosa with implants at three different maxillary sinus angles during a modified internal sinus floor elevation procedure. METHODS: 3D reconstruction of the implant, maxillary sinus bone, and membrane were performed. The maxillary sinus model was set at three different angles. Two internal maxillary sinus elevation models were established, and finite element analysis was used to simulate the modified maxillary sinus elevation process. The implant was elevated to 10 mm at three maxillary sinus angles when the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 0 and 4 mm. The stress of the maxillary sinus floor membrane was analyzed and compared. RESULTS: When the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 0 mm and elevated to 10 mm, the peak stress values of the implant on the maxillary sinus floor membrane at three different angles were as follows: maxillary sinus I: 5.14-78.32 MPa; maxillary sinus II: 2.81-73.89 MPa; and maxillary sinus III: 2.82-51.87 MPa. When the maxillary sinus floor membrane was separated by 4 mm and elevated to 10 mm, the corresponding values were as follows: maxillary sinus I: 0.50-7.25 MPa; maxillary sinus II: 0.81-16.55 MPa; and maxillary sinus III: 0.49-22.74 MPa. CONCLUSION: The risk of sinus floor membrane rupture is greatly reduced after adequate dissection of the maxillary sinus floor membrane when performing modified internal sinus elevation in a narrow maxillary sinus. In a wide maxillary sinus, the risk of rupture or perforation of the wider maxillary sinus floor is reduced, regardless of whether traditional or modified internal sinus elevation is performed at the same height.

Pesticides in Greenhouse Airborne Particulate Matter: Occurrence, Distribution, Transformation Products, and Potential Human Exposure Risks.

Pesticides are frequently sprayed in greenhouses to ensure crop yields, where airborne particulate matter (PM) may serve as a carrier in depositing and transporting pesticides. However, little is known about the occurrence and fate of PM-borne pesticides in greenhouses. Herein, we examined the distribution, dissipation, and transformation of six commonly used pesticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, prochloraz, triadimefon, hexaconazole, and tebuconazole) in greenhouse PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) after application as well as the associated human exposure risks via inhalation. During 35 days of experiment, the six pesticides were detected in all PM samples, and exhibited size- and time-dependent distribution characteristics, with the majority of them (>64.6%) accumulated in PM1. About 1.0-16.4% of initially measured pesticides in PM remained after 35 days, and a total of 12 major transformation products were elucidated, with six of them newly identified. The inhalation of PM could be an important route of human exposure to pesticides in the greenhouse, where the estimated average daily human inhalation dose (ADDinh) of the six individual pesticides was 2.1-1.2 × 104 pg/kg day-1 after application (1-35 days). Our findings highlight the occurrence of pesticides/transformation products in greenhouse PM, and their potential inhalation risks should be further concerned.

Ultrathin Two-dimensional Layered Composite Carbosilicates from in situ Unzipped Carbon Nanotubes and Exfoliated Bulk Silica.

A key task in today's inorganic synthetic chemistry is to develop effective reactions, routes, and associated techniques aiming to create new functional materials with specifically desired multilevel structures and properties. Herein, we report an ultrathin two-dimensional layered composite of graphene ribbon and silicate via a simple and scalable one-pot reaction, which leads to the creation of a novel carbon-metal-silicate hybrid family: carbosilicate. The graphene ribbon is in situ formed by unzipping carbon nanotubes, while the ultrathin silicate is in situ obtained from bulk silica or commercial glass; transition metals (Fe or Ni) oxidized by water act as bridging agent, covalently bonding the two structures. The unprecedented structure combines the superior properties of the silicate and the nanocarbon, which triggers some specific novel properties. All processes during synthesis are complementary to each other. The associated synergistic chemistry could stimulate the discovery of a large class of more interesting, functionalized structures and materials.

Pathological mechanisms of type 1 diabetes in children: investigation of the exosomal protein expression profile.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious autoimmune disease with high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment remain unsatisfactory. While the potential for development of T1D biomarkers in circulating exosomes has attracted interest, progress has been limited. This study endeavors to explore the molecular dynamics of plasma exosome proteins in pediatric T1D patients and potential mechanisms correlated with T1D progression. Methods: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with tandem mass tag (TMT)6 labeling was used to quantify exosomal protein expression profiles in 12 healthy controls and 24 T1D patients stratified by age (≤ 6 years old and > 6 years old) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (> 7% or > 7%). Integrated bioinformatics analysis was employed to decipher the functions of differentially expressed proteins, and Western blotting was used for validation of selected proteins' expression levels. Results: We identified 1035 differentially expressed proteins (fold change > 1.3) between the T1D patients and healthy controls: 558 in those ≤ 6-year-old and 588 in those > 6-year-old. In those who reached an HbA1c level < 7% following 3 or more months of insulin therapy, the expression levels of most altered proteins in both T1D age groups returned to levels comparable to those in the healthy control group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed exosome proteins are primarily related to immune function, hemostasis, cellular stress responses, and matrix organization. Western blotting confirmed the alterations in RAB40A, SEMA6D, COL6A5, and TTR proteins. Discussion: This study delivers valuable insights into the fundamental molecular mechanisms contributing to T1D pathology. Moreover, it proposes potential therapeutic targets for improved T1D management.

Research advance on cold tolerance in chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemums are one of the top ten most well-known traditional famous flowers in China and one of the top four cut flowers worldwide, holding a significant position in landscape gardening. The cold temperatures of winter restrict the cultivation, introduction, and application of chrysanthemum, resulting in high costs for year-round production. This severely impacts the ornamental and economic value of chrysanthemum. Therefore, research on cold tolerance is of vital importance for guiding chrysanthemum production and application. With the development of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and other omics approaches, along with high-throughput molecular marker technologies, research on chrysanthemum cold tolerance has been continuously advancing. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in cold tolerance research from various aspects, including chrysanthemum phenotype, physiological mechanisms, the forward genetics, molecular mechanisms, and breeding. The aim is to offer insights into the mechanisms of cold tolerance in chrysanthemum and provide reference for in-depth research and the development of new cold tolerance chrysanthemum varieties.

A simulation study of the decomposition, biotoxicity, and transfer of LCMs in LCD panels after being in contact with sulfuric acid and extraction/stripping agents.

For indium recycling from LCD panels, the decomposition of 9 commonly used liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) that were in contact with sulfuric acid (i.e., leaching agent) and extraction/stripping agents, has been investigated in the present study. Also their biological toxicity changes and transfer have been studied. The results showed that 7 of the 9 LCMs were decomposed in the sulfuric acid agent, while the reaction time and temperature had no effect on the types of the decomposition products. The maximum decomposition rate was 96% when the concentration of the sulfuric acid was increased to 12 M. The time required for a 100% decomposition of the various LCMs in a 5 M sulfuric acid ranged from 41 h to 150 h. Also, Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) and ECOSAR calculations were used to compare the biotoxicity of the LCMs and the decomposition products. The results from the EPI calculations showed that the biological half-lives of the decomposition products were significantly reduced as compared with the LCMs, from the original highest value of 329.2 days-92.71 days. Furthermore, the ECOSAR calculations showed that the biological toxicity of the decomposition products for aquatic organisms was lower than for the LCMs, but they were still toxic and harmful substances. In addition, the transfer rates of the undecomposed LCMs and decomposition products in different extractants remained above 90%, and reached 100% at most. After stripping with hydrochloric acid, more than 70% of the undecomposed LCMs became enriched in the aqueous solution, while the products were enriched in the extractant.

Current Achievements and Future Prospects in Virus Elimination Technology for Functional Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum is an important functional plant that is used for food, medicine and tea. Functional chrysanthemums become infected with viruses all around the world, seriously lowering their quality and yield. Viral infection has become an important limiting factor in chrysanthemum production. Functional chrysanthemum is often propagated asexually by cutting during production, and viral infection of seedlings is becoming increasingly serious. Chrysanthemums can be infected by a variety of viruses causing different symptoms. With the development of biotechnology, virus detection and virus-free technologies for chrysanthemum seedlings are becoming increasingly effective. In this study, the common virus species, virus detection methods and virus-free technology of chrysanthemum infection are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for virus prevention, treatment and elimination in functional chrysanthemum.

Modified internal sinus elevation for patients with low residual bone height: A retrospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: We have modified the internal sinus elevation by combining it with the sinus mucoperiosteum stripping procedure, which further increases the indications for the internal lift. Similar long-term clinical follow-up studies and three-dimensional finite element analyses are rare. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the modified internal sinus floor elevation method in patients with low residual bone height using a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model and report on the long-term outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall, 99 implants were placed in 86 patients. All patients were followed-up for 3-24 months. The modified internal sinus floor elevation was dynamically simulated using a 3D finite element model, and the stress of the sinus membrane was measured. RESULTS: In trial group A (modified internal sinus floor elevation group), 57 implants were placed in 52 patients. The sinus floor height was lifted by 6.5 mm (95%confidence interval (CI): 6.2-6.8). The perforation rate was 8.8%, and the implant survival rate was 96.5%. In control group B (external sinus floor elevation group), 42 implants were placed in 34 patients. The sinus floor height was lifted by 8.8 mm (95%CI: 8.4-9.3). The perforation rate was 14.3%, and the implant survival rate was 100%. In trial group A, compared with the control group B, perforation decreased by 5.5% (odds ratio = 0.50 and 95%CI: 0.14-1.78; p = 0.282), and the sinus floor lift height was 2.3 mm lower (95%CI, 1.8-2.9; p < 0.001). The finite element analysis showed that the peak stress of the sinus membrane increased with an increase in height elevation and degree of membrane separation. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate the positive clinical outcomes in patients with low RBH associated with the modified internal sinus elevation procedure.

GeSe-evoked synchronous strategy for electrodeposited CZGSe solar cells.

Sn-free Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) is emerging as a promising non-toxic and earth-abundant photovoltaic absorber material due to its attractive electrical and optical properties as well as its high theoretical conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, no photovoltaic device fabricated through the green electrodeposition process has yet been reported, likely due to the poor solubility of Ge-based salts and harsh electrodeposition conditions. Herein, we propose a GeSe-evoked synchronous strategy involving a Ge incorporation and selenization-regulated co-heating process of GeSe and Se, following electrodeposition of a Cu-Zn preformed layer. We experimentally found that the low-melting-point GeSe could promote the crystal growth and induce a high-quality bulk absorber layer and good back interface. In the GeSe-promoted sample, it was found that MoSe2 could ensure a good back quasi-Ohmic contact, and the band bending at the grain boundaries (GBs) was favorably inverted. Moreover, the depletion region width was also prolonged, and the deleterious CuZn near EF was passivated, leading to an increased carrier separation. In turn, a surprising progress in device performance was found, achieving a ground-breaking efficiency of 3.69%, and it could fill the bank of green electrodeposited CZGSe-based solar cells.

Chloroplast genomes of four Carex species: Long repetitive sequences trigger dramatic changes in chloroplast genome structure.

The chloroplast genomes of angiosperms usually have a stable circular quadripartite structure that exhibits high consistency in genome size and gene order. As one of the most diverse genera of angiosperms, Carex is of great value for the study of evolutionary relationships and speciation within its genus, but the study of the structure of its chloroplast genome is limited due to its highly expanded and restructured genome with a large number of repeats. In this study, we provided a more detailed account of the chloroplast genomes of Carex using a hybrid assembly of second- and third-generation sequencing and examined structural variation within this genus. The study revealed that chloroplast genomes of four Carex species are significantly longer than that of most angiosperms and are characterized by high sequence rearrangement rates, low GC content and gene density, and increased repetitive sequences. The location of chloroplast genome structural variation in the species of Carex studied is closely related to the positions of long repeat sequences; this genus provides a typical example of chloroplast structural variation and expansion caused by long repeats. Phylogenetic relationships constructed based on the chloroplast protein-coding genes support the latest taxonomic system of Carex, while revealing that structural variation in the chloroplast genome of Carex may have some phylogenetic significance. Moreover, this study demonstrated a hybrid assembly approach based on long and short reads to analyze complex chloroplast genome assembly and also provided an important reference for the analysis of structural rearrangements of chloroplast genomes in other taxa.

Research on Compressive Strength of Manufactured Sand Concrete Based on Response Surface Methodology.

Due to the impact of economic and social development on the environment, there is an increasing demand for manufactured sand to replace natural sand as fine aggregate for concrete. At the same time, the effect of admixtures on the rheological properties and compressive strength of concrete is crucial in civil engineering applications. In this study, with the Box-Behnken test model, we analyzed and investigated the impact of a composite admixture of stone powder (SP), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), and silicon fume (SF) on the compressive strength of siliceous manufactured sand concrete using response surface methodology (RSM). At the same time, the rheological properties of the siliceous artificial sand and river sand concrete were analyzed. The prediction of the compressive strength of siliceous artificial sand concrete was developed using multiple regression analysis, the factors of which were SP, PFA, and SF content, and the response value was compressive strength. Furthermore, response surface and contour lines were used to analyze the impact of composite admixtures. It is shown that the compounding of SP, PFA, and SF improve the rheological properties of manufactured sand concrete. For the single factor, SP has the greatest effect on the compressive strength of mechanism sand concrete and SF has the least effect. For compounding, SP and PFA have the most significant effect on the compressive strength of artificial sand shotcrete, and the compounding of PFA and SF have the least effect.

The etiology and clinical features of non-CAH primary adrenal insufficiency in children.

Background: The most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in children is congenital adrenal hyperplasia; however, other genetic causes occur. There is limited epidemiological and clinical information regarding non-CAH PAI. Methods: Data for patients diagnosed from January 2015 to December 2021 at a tertiary hospital in northern China were retrospectively analyzed. We excluded those with CAH, which is the most common pathogenic disease among PAI patients. Next-generation sequencing was used for genetic analysis. Results: This retrospective study included 16 children (14 males and 2 females) with PAI. A genetic diagnosis was obtained for 14/16 (87.5%) individuals. Pathogenic variants occurred in 6 genes, including ABCD1 (6/16, 37.5%), NR0B1 (4/16, 25.0%), NR5A1/steroidogenic factor-1 (2/16; 12.5%), AAAS (1/16, 6.25%), and NNT (1/16, 6.25%). No genetic cause of PAI diagnosis was found in 2 girls (2/16, 12.5%). Conclusions: Causes of PAI in children are diverse and predominantly affect males. Most PAI in children is congenital, and ABCD1 gene defects account for the largest proportion of PAI cases. Whole-exome sequencing is a tool for diagnosis. However, diagnoses are unclear in some cases.

Energy-Saving One-Step Pre-Treatment Using an Activated Sodium Percarbonate System and Its Bleaching Mechanism for Cotton Fabric.

The traditional pre-treatment of cotton fabric hardly meets the requirement of low carbon emissions due to its large energy consumption and wastewater discharge. In this study, a low-temperature and near-neutral strategy was designed by establishing a tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED)-activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) system. First, the effects of SPC concentration, temperature and duration on the whiteness index (WI) and capillary effect of cotton fabrics were investigated. Particularly, excess SPC's ability to create an additional bleaching effect was studied. The optimized activated pre-treatment was compared with the traditional pre-treatment in terms of the bleaching effect and energy consumption. Further, the degradation of morin, which is one of the natural pigments in cotton, was carried out in a homogeneous TAED/SPC system to reveal the bleaching mechanism. Lastly, the application performance of the treated cotton was evaluated by characterizing the dyeability, mechanical properties, morphology, etc. The research results showed that temperature had a significant influence on both the WI and capillary effect, followed by the SPC concentration and duration. The WI was positively correlated with the SPC concentration, but excess SPC could not produce an obvious additional effect. The WI of the fabric increased by 67.6% after the optimized activated bleaching using 10 mmol/L SPC and 15 mmol/L TAED at 70 °C for 30 min. Compared with the traditional process performed at 95 °C for 45 min, the activated process produced approximately 39.3% energy savings. Research on the bleaching mechanism indicated that the reactive species that participated in degrading the morin were the hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, and the contribution degree of the former was larger than that of the latter. Two degradation components with molecular weights of 180 and 154 were detected using mass spectroscopy. Based on this, the bleaching mechanism of the TAED/SPC system was proposed. Moreover, the fabric after the activated pre-treatment had a suitable dyeability and strength, a lower wax residual and a smoother and cleaner fiber surface. The encouraging results showed that TAED/SPC is a promising bleaching system that is conducive to the sustainable advance of the textile industry.

A Sperm Quality Detection System Based on Microfluidic Chip and Micro-Imaging System.

Sperm quality assessment is the main method to predict the reproductive ability of livestock. The detection of sperm quality of livestock is of great significance to the application of artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. In order to comprehensively evaluate sperm quality and improve the real-time and portability of sperm quality detection, a portable microscopic imaging system based on microfluidic chip is developed in this paper. The system can realize the comprehensive evaluation of sperm quality by detecting sperm vitality and survival rate. On the hardware side, a microfluidic chip is designed, which can automatically mix samples. A set of optical system with a magnification of 400 times was developed for microscopic observation of sperm. In the aspect of software, aiming at the comprehensive evaluation of sperm quality based on OpenCV, a set of algorithms for identifying sperm motility and survival rate is proposed. The accuracy of the system in detecting sperm survival rate is 94.0%, and the error rate is 0.6%. The evaluation results of sperm motility are consistent with those of computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA). The system's identification time is 9 s. Therefore, the system is absolutely suitable for sperm quality detection.

[Clinical and genetic analysis of a patient with isolated 17,20 lyase deficiency presenting with pubertal gynecomastia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and genetic basis for a patient with isolated 17,20 lyase deficiency presenting with pubertal gynecomastia. METHODS: Clinical manifestation, steroid analysis as well as genetic testing were carried out for a 14-year-old boy featuring puberty gynecomastia. RESULTS: The patient was admitted due to puberty gynecomastia for 2 years. Physical examination showed Tanner B5, G2 and normal blood pressure. Laboratory examination showed normal range of serum potassium and blood gas. Steroid analysis revealed extremely high pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydropregnenolone and 17-hydroprogesterone, Correspondingly, the DHEA, androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were low. He was found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of CYP17A1 gene (c.1304T>C/p.F435S and c.1346G>A/p.R449H), among which the R449H variant may result in isolated 17,20 lyase deficiency by altering the structure of redox-partner binding site. CONCLUSION: Isolated 17,20 lyase is a rare cause for puberty gynecomastia. The p.R449H variant of the CYP17A1 gene can result in isolated 17,20 lyase deficiency.

Is the sky of smart city bluer? Evidence from satellite monitoring data.

How to win the "Blue Sky Protection Campaign" is becoming the focus all over the world, especially in developing economies, while the implementation of the smart cities initiative (SCI) is seen to be a feasible program to address the negative environmental externalities through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), but it lacks the quantitative evidence so far. This study aims to examine the impacts and potential mechanisms of SCI on air pollution governance from the objective satellite monitoring data within a quasi-natural experiment framework. We find that SCI directly reduces the air pollutants concentration such as PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and smog in urban China and improves the air quality very well, which also has significant and positive spillovers on air pollution governance in adjacent cities. This encouraging phenomenon can also be achieved through contributing to green technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and decentralizing urban spatial structure, such that most of can be attributed to the technological effect. Heterogeneity analyses demonstrate that the governance effect of air pollution is more obvious in large smart cities, and increases with the expansion of city size. Additionally, the effect performs better in resource-based smart cities and smart cities with stronger financing capacity and air pollution pressure.

Effects of industrial green total factor energy efficiency on haze abatement: A spatial econometric analysis based on China's 272 cities.

Environmental issues represented by haze pollution have become the focus of all sectors of society. Industrial activities, especially industrial energy consumption play an important role in it. After the energy consumption of provincial industrial sectors is decomposed into urban industrial sectors through nighttime light data, this study measures the industrial green total factor energy efficiency (IGTFEE) of Chinese cities from 2003 to 2017, and the haze abatement effect of IGTFEE is investigated from the perspective of spatial correlation. The results show that China's haze pollution and IGTFEE present a positive spatial cluster. Additionally, China's haze pollution has obvious path dependence that shows a monotonous decreasing trend as the aggravation of haze pollution. Meanwhile, although haze pollution shows a serious leakage effect, it plays a warning role in haze control in surrounding areas. This effect is stronger in the most severely polluted areas that have higher economic levels. Not only does the improvement of IGTFEE have a positive effect on local haze abatement but can control haze pollution in spatially related areas through spillover effects and spatial feedback effects. However, the effects are significantly heterogeneous and asymmetric across quantiles, where IGTFEE has a marginal diminishing distribution on haze abatement at the middle and low quantiles, but the haze pollution has intensified at the high quantiles due to the energy rebound effect. The results also reveal that haze abatement conforms to the spatial EKC hypothesis in China. Meanwhile, industrial agglomeration, environmental regulations, and industrial upgrading are vital drivers for haze abatement.

p53N236S Activates Autophagy in Response to Hypoxic Stress Induced by DFO.

Hypoxia can lead to stabilization of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and cell death. However, p53 mutations could promote cell survival in a hypoxic environment. In this study, we found that p53N236S (p53N239S in humans, hereinafter referred to as p53S) mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resistant to deferoxamine (DFO) mimic a hypoxic environment. Further, Western blot and flow cytometry showed reduced apoptosis in p53S/S cells compared to WT after DFO treatment, suggesting an antiapoptosis function of p53S mutation in response to hypoxia-mimetic DFO. Instead, p53S/S cells underwent autophagy in response to hypoxia stress presumably through inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway, and this process was coupled with nuclear translocation of p53S protein. To understand the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in p53S/S cells in response to hypoxia, the autophagic inhibitor 3-MA was used to treat both WT and p53S/S cells after DFO exposure. Both apoptotic signaling and cell death were enhanced by autophagy inhibition in p53S/S cells. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the ROS level results indicated that p53S might initiate mitophagy to clear up damaged mitochondria in response to hypoxic stress, thus increasing the proportion of intact mitochondria and maintaining cell survival. In conclusion, the p53S mutant activates autophagy instead of inducing an apoptotic process in response to hypoxia stress to protect cells from death.